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응답: PJ#068, ECSTASY TO AGONY THROUGH THE PLAN 2000
PJ 68CHAPTER 11In CONGRESS, July 4, 1776.The unanimous Declaration ofthe thirteen united States of AmericaWhen in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitles them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.
He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.
He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend them.
He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.
He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasion on the rights of the people.
He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the state remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.
He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.
He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers.
He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance.
He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without Consent of our legislature.
He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:
For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:
For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:
For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
For depriving us in many cases of the benefits of Trial by Jury:
For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offenses:
For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighboring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:
For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Government:
For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.
He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.
He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.
In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms. Our repeated Petition have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of Justice and to consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.
We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliance, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor.
SIGNERS OF THE UNANIMOUSDECLARATIONAccording to the Authenticated List printed byOrder of Congress of January 18, 1777John HancockNew HampshireJoseph Bartlett Jas Smith
Wm. Whipple Geo.Taylor
Matthew Thornton James Wilson
Geo. Ross
Massachusetts BaySamuel Adams John Adams
Robt. Treat Paine Eldridge Gerry
DelawareCaesar Rodney Geo. Read
Tho. M:Kean
MarylandSamuel Chase Wm. Paca
Thos. Stone
Charles Carroll Of Carrollton
Rhode Isl & Providence, & c.Step. Hopkins William Ellery
ConnecticutRoger Sherman Samuel Huntington
William Williams Oliver Wolcott
New-YorkWm Floyd Phil Livingston
Frans. Lewis Lewis Morris
VirginiaGeorge Wythe Richard H. Lee
Thos. Jefferson Benja. Harrison
Thos. Nelson Jr. Frans. Lightfoot Lee
Carter Braxton
North CarolinaWm. Hooper Joseph Hewes
John Penn
New JerseyRichd. Stockton Jno. Witherspoon
Fras. Hopkinson John Hart
Abra. Clark
PennsylvaniaRobt. Morris Benjamin Rush
Benja. Franklin John Morton
Geo. Clymer
South CarolinaEdward Ruthledge Thos. Heyward, Jr.
Thomas Lynch, Jr. Arthur Middleton
GeorgiaButton Gwinnet Lyman Hall
Geo. Walton
PJ 68CHAPTER 125/14/90 #1 HATONNDear brothers, you must--YOU MUST become informed and unify and strengthen the brothers in community that you might stand against the cancer which eats your very fiber of existences as a global people. There is no manner in which I can speak strongly enough unto you ones. You must join hands with others who DARE and stand forth side by side. You must march under the heavenly banner of God and that beauteous red, white and blue flag of the United States of America and that for which it stands: ONE NATION, UNDER GOD, INDIVISIBLE, WITH LIBERTY AND JUSTICE FOR ALL! SALU! AND YOU MUST REGAIN PEACE AND JUSTICE FOR THE REDMAN BROTHER THAT WAS SLAIN AND FROM WHOM WAS STOLEN THIS GOD-GIVEN GARDEN, FOR UNTIL JUSTICE IS BALANCED FOR ALL, YOU WILL STAND IN DARKNESS. THE CREATOR NOW GIVES YOU THE CHANCE TO RIGHT YOUR WORLD--WHAT WILL YOU DO, LITTLE BROTHERS? WHAT WILL YOU DO?
THE CONSTITUTION OFTHE uNITED STATES OF AMERICAYou were not, never were, and were never intended to be a SIMPLE DEMOCRACY, because a simple democracy is a FORM OF TYRANNY--A MAJORITY TYRANNY!
At the time of "We the People" there were about 3,000,000 whites and some 50,000 free blacks. An interesting fact is that in 1845, John Louis O'Sullivan, justifying the annexation of Texas, a whole story separate in and of itself because of its treaty status, wrote in the DEMOCRATIC REVIEW, "Our manifest destiny is to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of your yearly multiplying millions."
The 52-word Preamble grants NO POWER TO THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT but does help in the interpretation of the Constitution.
There were only three words duly stressed which gave power to the meaning and they were WE THE PEOPLE. It did not begin in the Preamble by saying the United States' people. It said WE THE PEOPLE of the united states. (meaning a uniting of some states) Let me restructure it for I have sorrow to tell you, again, the lie has covered the truth and you cannot find that by which to judge.
PREAMBLEWE THE PEOPLE of the united states, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the united states of America."
Dharma, we need some method to denote a quote from the document of the Constitution and my input, example or explanation by comment. May we please place a *[italics] to denote Hatonn's input, please. Make sure there is a copy of the Constitution in this document for untampered reference.
Further, note that all bold face headwords have been added as reader guides. Underlined material is somehow no longer applicable by accepted change.
ARTICLE 1LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENTSection 1. Congress in General
All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives. *[The capital letters were simply to denote proper label.]
Section 2. The House of Representatives
a. Election and term of members. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year *[Although some argued that annual elections were "the only defense of the people against tyranny."] by the people of the several States, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.
b. Qualifications of members. No person *[Women were never explicitly denied office but you know how that went by the way for years, at the hands of the men involved in power.] shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.
c. Apportionment of representatives and of direct taxes. *[Changed by Section 2 of the 14th Amendment.] Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons including those bound to service *["Slavery". Free blacks had the rights of citizenship.] for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons *[A euphemism for slaves. Every slave was counted as only three-fifths of a person in determining representation.]. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, *[At the eleventh hour, George Washington made his only speech of the convention, urging that the figure be lowered from the original 40,000, increasing representation in the House. Size of the House was set at 435 members in 1929. Each member today represents more than 500,000 people. (Indians, who pay no taxes and who are wards of the government, are still not counted in the apportionment of Representatives.) California has the most Representatives--45; several states have only one. This is one of the reasons Jesse Jackson is pushing to make D.C. a "state".] but each State shall have at least one representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three; Massachusetts, eight; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, one; Connecticut, five; New York, six; New Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, eight; Delaware, one; Maryland, six; Virginia, ten; North Carolina, five; South Carolina, five; and Georgia, three.
d. Filling vacancies. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the Executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.
e. Officers; impeachment. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. *[The House has impeached 15 government officials, including President Andrew Johnson, who was acquitted by the Senate in 1868, and Supreme Court Associate Justice Samuel Chase, acquitted in 1805.]
Section 3. The Senate
a. Number and election of members. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two *[They decided a small number was most convenient for deciding on peace and war.] Senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, [Superseded in 1913 by Section 1 of the 17th Amendment. "We the People" now elect your Senators directly.] for six years, *[Terms of four, seven, nine, or 14 years were rejected.] and each Senator shall have one vote.
b. Classification. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. *[So that there would be "experienced" Senators during the first years of the Republic.] The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. *[Changed by the Second Paragraph of the 17th Amendment.]
c. Qualifications of members. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State of which he shall be chosen.
d. President of Senate. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.
e. Other officers. The Senate shall choose their own officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States.
f. Trial of impeachment. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice *[This is the only mention of the office of Chief Justice in the Constitution.] shall preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present.
g. Judgment in case of conviction. *[Conviction elevates the Vice President into the Oval Office.] Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law.
5/14/90 #2 HATONNTHE CONSTITUTION, CONTINUEDSection 4. How Senators and Representatives Shall Be Chosen and When They Are to Meet.
a. Method of holding elections. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. *[The 17th Amendment laid down a new method for choosing Senators.]
b. Meeting of Congress. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year *[There was argument against meeting every year for excellent perception: "Too much legislating was a great vice."] and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. *[Changed to January 20 by Section 2 of the 20th Amendment.]
Section 5. Rules of Procedure.
a. Organization. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority *[Under the Articles of Confederation, nine of the 13 states had to concur in all important decisions. A quorum was seven states.] of each shall constitute a quorum to do business . . .
b. Rules of proceedings, Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member.
c. Journal. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. *[Well, here you began to get off to a bad start. The Senate met behind closed doors in its entire first five years. Then it was decided that the people had a right to know what their agents were doing or had done--so, the Journals of both chambers were subsequently published together in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD since 1873. Details of the "convention" were kept secret for 50 years. What you know of the proceedings comes principally from James Madison's prodigious notetaking from his seat in front of the presiding member with the other members on his right and left hands. Your fourth President allowed his journals to be published only posthumously--he was the "convention's" last survivor.]
d. Adjournment. *[Royal governors had unilaterally suspended and dissolved state assemblies.] Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.
Section 6. Compensation, privileges, and restrictions.
a. Pay and privileges of members. *[Whew, here is a dandy one which is manipulated over and over again.] The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, *[It was considered an indecent thing and might, in time, prove dangerous to let Congress set its own wages, it was felt.], and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. *[Congressmen may execute their duties without fear of a civil suit or a criminal prosecution for any cause, including slander or libel. On trumped-up charges, the King used to order the arrest of legislators who opposed his policies. However, it would appear that if ones were arrested for treason in these current days, you would not have enough members to conduct business.]
b. Holding other offices prohibited. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office.
Section 7. Mode of Passing Laws.
a. Revenue bills. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills.
b. How bills become laws. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he *[This is a rare time indeed, where "he" rather than "people" or "persons" is used. It had no greater meaning, however, for at that point it was obviously assumed that Presidents would always be masculine and further, use of the English language considers "he" to be inclusive of human.] approves he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. *[In other words, Congress can pass a law over a Presidential veto. The latter statement refers to the "pocket veto" (from the Latin for "I forbid"). If Congress adjourns during the ten-day period, the President can effectively veto a bill by not signing it--by "putting it in his pocket" so to speak.]
c. Approval or disapproval by the President. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.
Section 8. Powers Granted to Congress. [These 18 paragraphs granted urgently needed powers to Congress. The first 17 are called enumerated powers. The last, the famous "elastic clause", refers to implied powers.]
The Congress shall have the power:
a. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States:
b. To borrow money *[This eliminated the possibility once and for all for states to print their own money.] on the credit of the United States;
c. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes; *[This clause has just about done-in your Confederation. Clause c. has become a fountain of vast federal power.
d. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;
e. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures; *[This is so big I shall have to pass it for now--you note this does not refer to anything called the "Federal Reserve".
f. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States; *[Now this one does seem to leave out the Federal Reserve, at least technically. However, it is also one of the most abused by your Government.]
g. To establish post offices and post roads.
h. *["If a nation expects to be ignorant and free in a state of civilization," Thomas Jefferson said, "it expects what never was and never will be." The Constitutional Convention defeated the motion to empower Congress "to establish an University, in which no preferences or distinctions should be allowed on account of religion."] To promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries;
i. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;
j. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas and offenses against the law of nations; *[Hold this one near your heart, also, for, my dear ones, you have now come under this little projection--by default. It refers, in part, to the law of Admiralty and it is deadly.]
k. To declare war, *[It originally was "make war". This, so the President's hands would not be tied in case of attack, the convention changed the phrase to a more precise "declare war". The first legislation defining the President's Constitutional power to make war was the War Powers Act, which Congress passed over President Richard Nixon's veto in 1973. Now, chelas, please be patient with me as we move along here for we will just get lost in confusion if we pick every one of these apart at this sitting. We work relative to thousands of volumes in the Library of Congress, Supreme Court library, etc. Please be patient and we will hit the highlights which impact you instantly and treacherously in the form of impending enslavement and loss of freedom.]
l. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years;
m. To provide and maintain a navy;
n. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces;
o. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions;
p. *[Designed to overcome the shortcomings of the militia in the Revolutionary War.] To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
q. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State, in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings;--and
r. *[An incredible confusion which caused one George Mason, author of Virginia's Bill of Rights to be one of three who referred to this as "Infernal traffic" and caused him to declare he would "sooner chop of his right hand than put it to the Constitution" in its final form.] To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.
Section 9. Powers Denied to the Federal Government.
a. The migration of importation *[Originally 1800.] of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.
b. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. *[The rule of habeas corpus--literally, "you must have the body"--is a foundation of all free societies. An arrested person must be produced in court to determine the justice of his detention. President Abraham Lincoln suspended this sovereign right, arguably violating the Constitution "to save it". Via the same tenet and pretext under which dictators suspend constitutions, your first "constitutional dictator" felt that "measures, however unconstitutional, might become lawful by becoming indispensable to the preservation of the Constitution through the preservation of the nation."]
c. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.
d. No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. *[The 16 Amendment give Congress the power to tax incomes, thus modifying the "no capitation" (tax on each person) clause. The slave states had feared a tax on their "three-fifths of all other persons. Now I, among others, am here to tell you that the 16th Amendment DID NOT NULLIFY THIS PORTION OF YOUR CONSTITUTION. INCOME TAXES AS ENFORCED BY THE IRS ARE UNLAWFUL UNDER YOUR CONSTITUTION. WE SHALL COVER THIS AT A LATER POINT. WE SHALL HEREIN SPEAK ONLY OF INTERPRETATION AS IS USUALLY OVERSIGHTED.]
e. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. *[A concession to the South. Denying this power common to governments at the time took from government half the regulation of trade.]
f. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. *[Allayed Maryland's fear that traffic on Chesapeake Bay would have to enter or clear at a Virginia port to simplify the collection of duties.]
g. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in consequence of appropriations by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time.
h. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person holding any office of profit trust under them shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.
Section 10. Powers Denied to the States.
Enough for this day, Dharma.
Hatonn to standby. Salu.
5/17/90 #1 HATONNHatonn present in the Light of the Radiant One. We will continue with our work on the outlay of the Constitution of the United States of America.
In advance I ask that you readers do homework and get confirmation of that which we discuss for your Constitution is the very foundation upon which freedom is based. It is all but gone as written. There are far more interesting subjects--but NONE so important to you as a people. "When" this and that will happen pales in comparison to that which will befall you if you do not put into restraint that which is planned and occurring to your Constitution. When we finish the Constitution (as written) and the Newstates Constitution (as re-written), we will move on to the Zionists intention to control your world through their "PROTOCOLS". And, then dear ones, we shall return to the survival of the remnant and "how" we get through these changing times and that which to look for.
All of you are awaiting the wondrous projections of Little Crow and the SACRED HILL WITHIN. They will come in proper sequence. We must first outline that which has been brought against you as a people for you have now been raped just as were the beauteous Indians in the early days of your country. They had no recourse until it was far too late to change of it. How long will you wait? They originally loved you and welcomed you as the white and colored men of the far away places and you consumed them and desecrated their lands. THAT WHICH IS PUT FORTH ALWAYS RETURNS! ALWAYS!
Always the Great Spirit has sent his teachers of The Creation to dwell upon his creations to tend of his living planets and teach harmony and balance with all things. The human comes and destroys and pillages and always, in the ending, the "native" ancients must come forth again to show you the way and nurture the gift of a planet's life for the ancient truth bearers will always have a few who are sent forth with the "memories" of how it IS. But first, you must know how it has "become" that you might see the reasons for the required changes lest you perish.
As the axis of a planet changes there is chaos created beyond that of social circumstance. You have lived in a cycle in which all that was without moved within. Now, to change of the circumstance, all that is within must come without. You have the ambiguous situation of opposites--a complete reversal of that which appears to be. That which is visualized as reality, is in fact, the illusion and the reality of dimension and experience is the unseen. Humankind on Earth has forgotten and he learns most slowly indeed. So be it.
It is now the time of coming back into the fold of God and The Creation and move again into the following of the Laws thereof. It is a time of recalling your Constitution and casting out of the destroyers thereof. You have allowed the very evil which will totally destroy you within the very fiber of your beingness. Were there errors in your original Constitution?--of course. Your founding fathers did not write in, intentionally, bigotry or mass incarceration of the Indian, but early interpretations thereof caused it to occur, none-the-less. You have written "freedom" out of your laws in favor of enslavement--and YOU have done it, my friends. Do not blame your brother--YOU ALLOWED OF IT! NOW, IF IT IS TO BE BROUGHT INTO PROPERNESS--YOU WILL DO OF IT!
You can have a rule of thumb for judging that which they tell you and that which they do unto you from the governmental and military halls of injustice.
For example, they will tell you that defense spending is dropping; that military actions are lessening and that somehow you are "preparing for a world fight for ecology and peace"--the big B-word, my friends.
Let me quote just a couple of items from your own news within the past couple of days--oh, it doesn't make your media news nor is it put forth on your front pages and when it is, it is offered as "good" news and encouragement for the economy.
WALL STREET JOURNAL 5/16/90 (YESTERDAY). Also carried in the local papers:
FUTURISTIC: The Pentagon on Tuesday unveiled drawings of prototypes of the Advanced Tactical Fighter, a futuristic aircraft with a $63.5 BILLION price tag designed to replace the F-15 fighter jet. Drawings (and there were two) show two versions of the single seat, twin-engine craft. The plane will use "stealth" technology to evade radar and cruise at supersonic speeds without using afterburners, known as "supercruise". (Hatonn: And I believe they tell you that you need no shelters for you won't have a war??? Then why would you need these planes???)
- - - - the plane , called the Advanced Tactical Fighter, is designed to be the first U.S. dog fighter to carry missiles entirely inside its fuselage - - .
(Ah ha) The Pentagon said it already has spent about $2.8 billion to develop a pair of ATF prototypes. Two teams of contractors have invested another $1.2 billion.
One of the teams, led by Lockheed Corp., includes Boeing Co. and General Dynamic Corp. and McDonnell Douglas Corp. - - - - - - -.
Ok and so what! Well, what about these other little back page items in the Wall Street Journal, 5/14/90:
Hughes Georgia Inc., a unit of General Motors Corp. (how many knew that?) received a $194 million Air Force contract for Maverick missiles and parts.
General Dynamics Corp. was awarded a $63.3 million Air Force contract for support of F-16 aircraft and Atlas II - - - .
Olin Corp. won a $51 million contract for Navy 20-millimeter ammunition and Army small-arms propellant.
Aerojet General Corp. got a $16.1 million Air Force contract for MX missile rockets.
United Technologies Corp. received a $15.1 million Army contract for Uh-601 helicopters.
WALL STREET JOURNAL, 5/15/90:Lockheed Missiles and Space Co. received a $971 million contract from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to oversee design and development of new generation rocket motors - - - -.
Hughes Aircraft Co., a unit of General Motors Corp., was given a $77 million Air Force contract to build a North Atlantic Treaty Organization air defense system for Iceland.
Unisys Corp. won a $25.8 million Navy contract for submarine navigation equipment.
Pan Am World Services Inc., a unit of Pan Am Corp., received a $12.6 million Air Force contract for support of the Eastern Space and Missile Center.
And on and on it goes. You might ask, "But how can companies that are now barred from even bidding on government jobs for massive ‘rip-offs' be getting contracts?" I thought you would never ask! By allowing one "corporation" to die and birthing a nice new one to bid. I certainly hope all you good business men in my troops are taking lessons--not for corruption but rather as to how to do business in Satan's world using his own tools to get to his vulnerable spots.
I would also like to point out another couple of items: In the same paper of May 14 it says, "The nation's rural poor are going hungry because food-stamp benefits aren't enough to cover higher food costs in impoverished rural counties - - -." Does this not touch your heart?
And, while you pay off hundreds of billions of dollars to "bailout" the S&Ls because of the mismanagement and junk bond portfolios, you get the following: Wall Street Journal, 5/15/90: "AMID THE RUBBLE OF THE BATTERED JUNK-BOND MARKET, SOME POWERFUL NEW PLAYERS ARE STIRRING: THE MAJOR BANKS.
"Using bank's newly won powers to underwrite corporate bonds, Citicorp, J. P. Morgan & Co and Bankers Trust New York Corp. have all established groups specializing in sales and trading of high-risk, high-yield junk bonds. And First Chicago Corp. has just begun staffing up for a junk-bond effort - - - - - - -."
Do you see the correlation? These are the top Conspiracy banks, my friends! And, by the way, Mr. Robert Bartley, Editor, The Wall Street Journal is a prominent member of the Movers and Shakers of the Trilateral Commission. I knew you knew that.
Here is just a little side blast by your government at Japan: "Japanese Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu said his nation would maintain a ban on rice imports to protect domestic growers despite U.S. demands for improved market access. ‘Rice and rice cultivation have a special significance for our country and in light of this we will continue to adhere to the basic policy of self-sufficiency,' Mr. Kaifu told legislators. Japanese consumers pay up to six times world prices for domestic rice as the government props up inefficient rice producers with substantial subsidies."
Now isn't that just awful? Well read on from the same day's paper and see if you can spot any similarities: "Wall Street Journal, 5/14/90: "Brach's Candy Co. said the Commerce Department rejected its request to have the company's Chicago plant designated a Foreign Trading Zone.
"The refusal by the department's Foreign Trade Zones Board means that the candy manufacturer--owned by Switzerland's Jacobs Suchard AG--won't be allowed to import sugar at world prices, but must instead continue to buy the essential ingredient under import quotas that boost its annual costs by about $20 million.
"- - - - - if it didn't get the relief it sought it might close the aging Chicago plant--an island of high-paying, unionized production jobs in the midst of the city's blighted West Side--and shift the about 3,400 jobs to either Mexico or Canada. - - - -"
Oh yes, just one paper is material for dozens of Express writings. Note another tid-bit on one page on the 15th: "CIBA-GEIGY LTD. TO DEVELOP ALLERGY TREATMENT PRODUCTS." And on the adjacent page: "Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. said it received two contracts valued at $79 million from Ciba-Geigy Corp. to design and construct a dyestuff manufacturing facility and a chemical plant in St. Gabriel, La.
"Ciba-Geigy Corp. is the U.S. unit of Swiss-based Ciba-Geigy Ltd., a maker of agricultural chemicals, dyestuffs, and other products - - -." And further, what do you think causes the most allergies? Right on! Dyes, pesticides, etc. Who do you think might also be high ranking in the Councils of Foreign Relations? See, the game gets to be more and more fun, does it not? Now try the Trilateral Commission and the Bilderbergers.
And one last distraction from the same edition says that Bush backs getting a base on Mars in 30 years. Dear ones, there was a base on Mars over 30 years ago! Then in a fashion unlike anything else, the government issued the following suggestions to prevent deliberate terrorist attacks on airliners: "The presidential panel made dozens of recommendations to counter the terrorist threat, including: the establishment of a new supervisory office-assistant secretary for security and intelligence--within the Transportation Department; increased importance for the security operation within the FAA; and the assigning of federal security managers with direct access to FAA chiefs at major international and domestic airports. The panel also urged the government to alert passengers to credible threats and to establish criteria for when passengers should be notified - - - - - ." So be it!
I apologize for this long and tedious delay, Dharma, but our brothers must begin to see the generalizations and read those back pages--for guess what the front page read: "DESPITE HIS SUCCESSES, BAKER'S CRITICS SAY HE LACKS A BROAD STRATEGY", "ATTEMPT'S TO RESTORE THE CARIBOU FALTER IN THE MAIN WOODS", "U.S. FOOD FIRMS FIND EUROPE'S HUGE MARKET HARDLY A PIECE OF CAKE" and "CAR MAGAZINE WRITERS SOMETIMES MOONLIGHT FOR FIRMS THEY REVIEW".
NOW, BACK TO WHERE WE LEFT OFF WITHYOUR CONSTITUTIONSection 10. Powers Denied to the States
a. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.
*[The framers had lived through the disaster of the Continental dollar. Today's fiscal conservatives argue that this country's economic problems are a direct consequence of the Supreme Court's failure to uphold the monetary provisions of the Constitution. Well, all of your problems are from failure to uphold the Constitution. The ex post facto law was a provision aimed at the welter of state laws favoring debtors over creditors.]
b. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.
c. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. *[The state militia was to bear the brunt until Congress could act. During Washington's two-term Presidency, the U.S. army grew from 840 men to 7,108 men, as an example--how many men do you think you have now?]
*[The First Congress represented you people beyond your best hopes. It organized the three branches of government, regulated foreign commerce, created a national bank and the national judiciary system, admitted the states of Vermont and Kentucky, initiated the Constitutional amendment process, established the census, funded the national debt, and dealt with petitions for increased tariffs on imported mustard, paint, cordage, cotton clothes and on and on. What do you have now? Bills presented to the president which cannot be line vetoed of things lumping such things as a pork-barrel requests with aid to Panama--one having nothing what-so-ever to do with the other and yet action cannot be taken on one without the other passing or failing also. "You've come a long way, Baby" I believe is a slogan of sorts. But it hasn't been good!]
ARTICLE 2EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTSection 1. President and Vice President.
a. Term of office. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows;
b. Electors. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.
Former method of electing President and Vice President.
*[Superseded by the 12th Amendment.] The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said house shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice President. *[Boy, that one really got a bashing by the acute wisdom of a rewriting of that section by amendment no. 12! But this is how total deterioration begins.]
c. Time of elections. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States.
d. Qualifications of the President. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, *[That is about as specific as you can get--35 years of age; not merely requiring "maturity" or "adequate age"] and been fourteen years a resident within the United States.
e. Vacancy. *[This Clause has been affected by the 25th Amendment.] In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.
f. The President's salary. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.
g. Oath of office. Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation: -- "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." *[Do you think the founding fathers might be squirming in their graves?]
Section 2. Powers of the President.
a. Military powers; reprieves and pardons. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require *[This led to the Presidential cabinet. It was referred to a "privy council". This, however, also became obsolete for power as the Presidents have moved on to utilizing input directly from their "advisors" such as Kissinger, etc., who are not even connected to the governing bodies.] the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments [the ONE explicit reference to bureaucracy.] upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. [Boy, that was a close one with Nixon, don't you think?]
b. Treaties; appointments. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law: but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.
c. Filling vacancies. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session.
Section 3. Duties of the President.
He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. *[Well, I would say that he does a very good job of "executing" the laws.]
Section 4. Impeachment.
The President, Vice President and all civil officers of the United States shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. *[The last several of your Presidents have been guilty of all--why do you not do something lawfully written to get rid of them?]
* * * * * * * * *Hatonn to clear. Please let me know when you are ready to continue.
5/17/90 #2 HATONNARTICLE 3JUDICIAL DEPARTMENTSection 1. The Federal Courts.
The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.
Section 2. Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts.
a. Federal courts in general. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made or which shall be made, under their authority;--to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls;--to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction;--to controversies to which the United States shall be a party;--to controversies between two or more States;--between a State and citizens of another State;--between citizens of different States;--between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. *[Parts of this section were altered by the 11th Amendment.]
b. Supreme Court. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.
c. Rules respecting trials. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.
Section 3. Treason. *[The only crime defined in the Constitution. Talking or thinking about committing a treasonable act is not considered treason in the U. S.--YET!]
a. Definition of treason. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.
b. Punishment of treason. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, *[The next generation will not be penalized.] or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted.
ARTICLE 4THE STATES AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENTSection 1. State Records.
Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. *[Acts required of the states and drawn from the Articles of Confederation.] And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.
Section 2. Privileges and Immunities of Citizens.
a. Privileges. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States.
b. Extradition. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.
c. Fugitive workers. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another shall in consequence of any law or regulation herein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. *[Superseded by the 13th Amendment. In 1857, Chief Justice Roger Brooke Taney declared that blacks were not people but "articles of merchandise." He invalidated the Missouri Compromise and made the Civil War all but inevitable. The fugitive slave clause, a Southern proposal, was not sanctioned under the Articles of Confederation. It was part of the historic Northwest Ordinance. But by 1860, slavery had become a national institution, legal wherever not forbidden by state law, and it had considerable Federal protection. Oh yes indeed, the laws had flaws and herein lies the irony--and further, by "voting-in" a thing does not make it so. Declaring the blacks to not be "people" made them no less people; nor the Indians nor, nor, nor.]
Section 3. New States and Territories.
a. Admission of new States. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress.
b. Power of Congress over territory and property. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. *[Please note the separation of the United States and "any particular State". This is important when you get to the income tax laws, IRS, etc. If you reside in a "state" you are a citizen of that State--you are not a citizen of the United States as such. If this were true, the Constitution would have to read United State's citizen. It does not!]
Section 4. Guarantees to the States.
The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, *[No action has ever been taken under this clause.] and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the legislature or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence.
ARTICLE 5METHOD OF AMENDMENTThe congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided that no amendments which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article, and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. *[The only amendment that can't be proposed. The clause was adopted to head off concern that three-fourths of the states might be brought to do things fatal to particular states, such as abolishing them altogether or depriving them of their equality in the Senate.]
ARTICLE 6*[This is counterbalanced by the 10th Amendment.]GENERAL PROVISIONSa. Public debt. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. *[This was introduced by the mercurial Governor Edmund Randolph; it's been disclaimed by some as "legal robbery, such as the history of civilized nations can scarcely produce a parallel to." Pierce Butler (S. C.) was concerned that redemption of government paper at face value would succor the "bloodsuckers who had speculated on the distresses of others. . . " The question of full or partial redemption was left unresolved.]
b. Supremacy of the Constitution. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; *[The important clause, lifted from the magna Carta, was prompted by Congress' demand that states repeal laws violating the Treaty of Paris. States cannot pass laws contrary to the Constitution. The principle of Federal supremacy was tested in the Whiskey Rebellion (1794), and again in South Carolina's Ordinance of Nullification (1832) declaring void the Tariff Acts of 1828, and again of course in the Civil War.]
c. Oath of office, no religious test *[Adopted unanimously by the delegates, though 11 of the states had a religious qualification for state representatives. Many also required voters to own property and office holders to be well off. Nowhere does the Constitution actually speak of separation of church and state. That there was no religious test provided ample ammunition for anti-Constitutionalists during the ratification process. God is not mentioned anywhere in the Constitution (but IS in the Declaration of Independence).] shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.
ARTICLE 7RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTIONThe ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same.
Done in Convention by the unanimous consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth. In Witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names.
G. Washington
President and deputy from VirginiaNew HampshireJohn Langdon Nicholas Gilman
DelawareGeo. Read John Dickinson
Jaco. Broom Gunning Bedford Jr.
Richard Bassett
MassachusettsNathaniel Gorham Rufus King
ConnecticutWm. Saml Johnson Roger Sherman
MarylandMcHenry Danl. Carroll
Dan: of St. Thos. Jenifer
New YorkAlexander Hamilton
VirginiaJohn Blair James Madison Jr.
New JerseyWil. Livingston David Brearly
Wm. Paterson Jona: Dayton
North CarolinaWm. Blount Hu. Williamson
Richd. Dobbs Spaight
PennsylvaniaB. Franklin Robt Morris
Thos. FitzSimons James Wilson
Thomas Mifflin Geo. Clymer
Jared Ingersoll Gouv Morris
South CarolinaJ. Rutledge Charles Pinckney
Charles C. Pinckney James Wilson
Pierce Butler
GeorgiaWilliam Few Abr. Baldwin
Attest: William Jackson, Secretary
IN CONVENTION MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 17TH, 1787.
Resolved,
That the preceding Constitution be laid before the United States in Congress assembled, and that it is the Opinion of this Convention, that it should afterwards be submitted to a Convention of Delegates, chosen in each State by the People thereof, under the Recommendation of its Legislature, for their Assent and Ratification; and that each Convention assenting to, and ratifying the Same, should give Notice thereof to the United States in Congress assembled.
Resolved, That it is the Opinion of this Convention, that as soon as the Conventions of nine States shall have ratified this Constitution, the United States in Congress assembled should fix a Day on which Electors should be appointed by the States which shall have ratified the same and a Day on which the Electors should assemble to vote for the President, and the Time and Place for commencing Proceedings under this Constitution. . .By the Unanimous Order of the Convention. *[Congress was not asked for its approval of the proposed Constitution, and didn't give it, but if Congress had decided not to send the Constitution to the states, there wasn't much its framers could have done. Ratification would be decided by "We the People" in convention state by state rather than by potentially hostile state legislatures, whose powers would be clipped by the Constitution. Just after the convention, James Madison said that "the document would neither effectually answer its national object nor prevent the local mischiefs which everywhere excite disgusts against state governments."]
About 10,000 amendments have been introduced in Congress. Thirty-three were formalized and sent to the states for ratification. The seven not adopted by the necessary three-fourths of the states include two amendments in the First Congress' package of a dozen. The ten that were adopted are called, collectively, the Bill of Rights.
Perhaps you should be reminded of the seven that were not ratified.
1789: concerning the ratio of members in the House of Representatives.
1789: concerning compensation to members of Congress.
1810: concerning the abrogation of citizenship for accepting gifts or titles of nobility from a foreign power without the consent of Congress. It missed adoption by only one state.
1861: concerning non-Congressional interference in slavery. Offered to head off the Civil War, it was adopted by only two states. It was the first proposed amendment signed by a President (Buchanan) before distribution to the states. (Just before he was murdered, President Lincoln signed the proposed Thirteenth Amendment.)
1924: concerning the labor of persons under 18 years of age. It was opposed by manufacturing associations and some religious groups.
1972: concerning equality of rights regardless of gender. E.R.A. fell three states short of adoption.
1978: concerning representation of the District of Columbia in the House and Senate. D.C. has a population larger than do four of the states. This one will continue to come up.
Three new proposals for amendments that are arousing interest would require: a balanced Federal budget; a four-year term for Representatives to coincide with the Presidential term; and modification of the treaty requirement, possibly to a straight majority decision. Then, of course, you are aware of the effort of Mr. Bush to cause an amendment to ban flag burning.
Dharma, allow us to leave this now. We will continue with the Bill of Rights.
Thank you for your service. I shall now move to stand-by that you might close this portion. Good-day.
